New York County, NY
Signals
Buyer Income Premium
◆ 2019: Typical buyer-income gap (+37.2%)
| Average income | ||
| People who bought a home with a mortgage | $118,748 | |
| Everyone who filed taxes here | $86,539 | |
| Difference | ||
| Buyers earn | 1.37x | +37.2% |
| Typical county | 1.39x | |
| By what the buyer bought | ||
| Primary home | $118,748 | 1.37x · 2,646 purchases |
| Second home | $333,783 | 3.86x · 1,739 purchases |
| Investment property | $222,480 | 2.57x · 271 purchases |
2,646 home purchases · Homebuyers and tax filers are different groups of people, not a subset of one another · Counts completed home-purchase mortgages only — not refinances, and not applications that were denied or withdrawn · The headline figure counts primary-home buyers; first mortgages only · Sources: federal mortgage records; IRS county income data
◆ 2020: Typical buyer-income gap (+41.9%)
| Average income | ||
| People who bought a home with a mortgage | $128,697 | |
| Everyone who filed taxes here | $90,722 | |
| Difference | ||
| Buyers earn | 1.42x | +41.9% |
| Typical county | 1.42x | |
| By what the buyer bought | ||
| Primary home | $128,697 | 1.42x · 2,834 purchases |
| Second home | $1.31M | 14.43x · 2,454 purchases |
| Investment property | $225,712 | 2.49x · 260 purchases |
2,834 home purchases · Homebuyers and tax filers are different groups of people, not a subset of one another · Counts completed home-purchase mortgages only — not refinances, and not applications that were denied or withdrawn · The headline figure counts primary-home buyers; first mortgages only · Sources: federal mortgage records; IRS county income data
◆ 2021: Typical buyer-income gap (+25.8%)
| Average income | ||
| People who bought a home with a mortgage | $139,420 | |
| Everyone who filed taxes here | $110,859 | |
| Difference | ||
| Buyers earn | 1.26x | +25.8% |
| Typical county | 1.29x | |
| By what the buyer bought | ||
| Primary home | $139,420 | 1.26x · 2,570 purchases |
| Second home | $365,307 | 3.30x · 2,119 purchases |
| Investment property | $268,222 | 2.42x · 358 purchases |
2,570 home purchases · Homebuyers and tax filers are different groups of people, not a subset of one another · Counts completed home-purchase mortgages only — not refinances, and not applications that were denied or withdrawn · The headline figure counts primary-home buyers; first mortgages only · Sources: federal mortgage records; IRS county income data
◆ 2022: Typical buyer-income gap (+49.4%)
| Average income | ||
| People who bought a home with a mortgage | $156,842 | |
| Everyone who filed taxes here | $104,956 | |
| Difference | ||
| Buyers earn | 1.49x | +49.4% |
| Typical county | 1.37x | |
| By what the buyer bought | ||
| Primary home | $156,842 | 1.49x · 2,049 purchases |
| Second home | $403,207 | 3.84x · 1,363 purchases |
| Investment property | $308,378 | 2.94x · 436 purchases |
2,049 home purchases · Homebuyers and tax filers are different groups of people, not a subset of one another · Counts completed home-purchase mortgages only — not refinances, and not applications that were denied or withdrawn · The headline figure counts primary-home buyers; first mortgages only · Sources: federal mortgage records; IRS county income data
Housing Growth & Affordability
▲ 2022: Prices outpacing income (+10.64 pts)compared to 2019
| Start → latest | Change | |
| Home values | $393,500 → $519,100 | 31.92% ± 10,923.5 |
| Incomes | $86,539 → $104,956 | 21.28% |
| Affordability gap | home values − incomes | +10.64 pts |
Home values grew 10.64 pts faster than incomes here — the gap by which housing costs outpaced earnings from 2019 to 2022.
Change in the number of homes is not reported here. The survey's housing counts were re-based on the 2020 Census partway through this period, which moved county figures far more than any building or demolition did, so a supply-growth number across these years would describe the survey rather than the housing.
Home values are the ACS median owner-occupied value (5-year estimates, so they carry a margin of error, shown as ±). Incomes are IRS average income per tax return, which have no sampling error. Growth is measured from 2019 to 2022.
Earned vs. Unearned Income
▲ 2019: Elevated Unearned Income
| Amount | % of total | % of bucket | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total income | $11.41B | 100.0% | |
| Earned | $7.27B | 63.8% | |
| Wages | $6.05B | 53.1% | 83.2% |
| Self-employment | $1.22B | 10.7% | 16.8% |
| Unearned | $4.13B | 36.2% | |
| Retirement | $1.85B | 16.2% | 44.8% |
| Investment | $1.59B | 14.0% | 38.6% |
| Transfers | $670.64M | 5.9% | 16.2% |
| Other/unclassified | $15.34M | 0.1% | 0.4% |
129,610 returns filed
▲ 2020: Elevated Unearned Income
| Amount | % of total | % of bucket | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total income | $12.63B | 100.0% | |
| Earned | $7.86B | 62.2% | |
| Wages | $6.59B | 52.2% | 83.8% |
| Self-employment | $1.27B | 10.1% | 16.2% |
| Unearned | $4.77B | 37.8% | |
| Retirement | $1.80B | 14.2% | 37.7% |
| Investment | $1.95B | 15.5% | 40.9% |
| Social Security | $654.79M | 5.2% | 13.7% |
| Unemployment | $567.44M | 4.5% | 11.9% |
| Other/unclassified | -$200.96M | -1.6% | -4.2% |
136,960 returns filed
▲ 2021: Elevated Unearned Income
| Amount | % of total | % of bucket | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total income | $15.07B | 100.0% | |
| Earned | $8.87B | 58.8% | |
| Wages | $7.11B | 47.2% | 80.2% |
| Self-employment | $1.76B | 11.7% | 19.8% |
| Unearned | $6.20B | 41.2% | |
| Retirement | $2.12B | 14.0% | 34.1% |
| Investment | $2.91B | 19.3% | 46.9% |
| Social Security | $731.06M | 4.9% | 11.8% |
| Unemployment | $309.65M | 2.1% | 5.0% |
| Other/unclassified | $136.28M | 0.9% | 2.2% |
134,100 returns filed
▲ 2022: Elevated Unearned Income
| Amount | % of total | % of bucket | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total income | $14.39B | 100.0% | |
| Earned | $9.03B | 62.7% | |
| Wages | $7.30B | 50.7% | 80.9% |
| Self-employment | $1.73B | 12.0% | 19.1% |
| Unearned | $5.37B | 37.3% | |
| Retirement | $2.24B | 15.5% | 41.7% |
| Investment | $2.07B | 14.4% | 38.6% |
| Transfers | $864.41M | 6.0% | 16.1% |
| Other/unclassified | $191.06M | 1.3% | 3.6% |
135,210 returns filed
Effective Tax Rate
▲ 2019: Above typical county (+4.64 pts)
| This county | ||
| Total federal tax | $1.62B | |
| Adjusted gross income | $11.22B | |
| Effective rate | 14.45% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical (median) county | 9.81% | +4.64 pts |
| National (AGI-weighted) | 14.01% | +0.44 pts |
129,610 returns filed
▲ 2020: Above typical county (+5.28 pts)
| This county | ||
| Total federal tax | $1.91B | |
| Adjusted gross income | $12.43B | |
| Effective rate | 15.35% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical (median) county | 10.07% | +5.29 pts |
| National (AGI-weighted) | 14.45% | +0.90 pts |
136,960 returns filed
▲ 2021: Above typical county (+5.14 pts)
| This county | ||
| Total federal tax | $2.50B | |
| Adjusted gross income | $14.87B | |
| Effective rate | 16.81% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical (median) county | 11.66% | +5.15 pts |
| National (AGI-weighted) | 16.15% | +0.66 pts |
134,100 returns filed
▲ 2022: Above typical county (+4.94 pts)
| This county | ||
| Total federal tax | $2.26B | |
| Adjusted gross income | $14.19B | |
| Effective rate | 15.90% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical (median) county | 10.96% | +4.94 pts |
| National (AGI-weighted) | 15.23% | +0.67 pts |
135,210 returns filed
Tax Rates by Income Bracket
◆ 2019: Typical tax curve (+1.06 pts)
| Bracket | Returns | Income | Federal tax | Rate | Tax:income | vs MA / US |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| under $1 | 2,120 1.6% | -$166.22M -1.5% | $661,000 0.0% | — | — | — |
| $1-$10k | 16,180 12.5% | $81.82M 0.7% | $1.92M 0.1% | 2.3% | 0.16 | +0.05 / +0.00 |
| $10k-$25k | 19,870 15.3% | $339.77M 3.0% | $13.09M 0.8% | 3.9% | 0.27 | +0.07 / +0.04 |
| $25k-$50k | 26,130 20.2% | $964.91M 8.6% | $61.66M 3.8% | 6.4% | 0.44 | +0.08 / +0.07 |
| $50k-$75k | 19,140 14.8% | $1.18B 10.5% | $99.41M 6.1% | 8.4% | 0.58 | +0.05 / +0.05 |
| $75k-$100k | 13,020 10.1% | $1.13B 10.1% | $107.88M 6.7% | 9.6% | 0.66 | +0.04 / +0.03 |
| $100k-$200k | 23,270 18.0% | $3.20B 28.5% | $381.03M 23.5% | 11.9% | 0.82 | +0.06 / -0.02 |
| $200k+ | 9,880 7.6% | $4.48B 40.0% | $954.92M 58.9% | 21.3% | 1.47 | +0.07 / -0.12 |
Rate climbs 18.95 points from $1-$10k to $200k+ (typical county: 17.89) · Income here is adjusted gross income (AGI) — what is reported on tax returns after certain deductions · AGI brackets are nominal and never inflation-adjusted, so comparisons between years partly reflect inflation rather than tax policy.
◆ 2020: Typical tax curve (+1.69 pts)
| Bracket | Returns | Income | Federal tax | Rate | Tax:income | vs MA / US |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| under $1 | 3,390 2.5% | -$236.72M -1.9% | $749,000 0.0% | — | — | — |
| $1-$10k | 15,590 11.4% | $77.71M 0.6% | $1.98M 0.1% | 2.6% | 0.17 | +0.05 / +0.01 |
| $10k-$25k | 21,170 15.5% | $362.89M 2.9% | $12.82M 0.7% | 3.5% | 0.23 | +0.04 / +0.02 |
| $25k-$50k | 28,450 20.8% | $1.05B 8.4% | $63.85M 3.4% | 6.1% | 0.40 | +0.06 / +0.05 |
| $50k-$75k | 20,150 14.7% | $1.24B 10.0% | $102.29M 5.4% | 8.2% | 0.54 | +0.04 / +0.03 |
| $75k-$100k | 13,820 10.1% | $1.20B 9.6% | $114.12M 6.0% | 9.5% | 0.62 | +0.02 / +0.01 |
| $100k-$200k | 23,670 17.3% | $3.26B 26.2% | $387.59M 20.3% | 11.9% | 0.78 | +0.04 / -0.03 |
| $200k+ | 10,720 7.8% | $5.47B 44.1% | $1.22B 64.2% | 22.4% | 1.46 | +0.06 / -0.11 |
Rate climbs 19.81 points from $1-$10k to $200k+ (typical county: 18.13) · Income here is adjusted gross income (AGI) — what is reported on tax returns after certain deductions · AGI brackets are nominal and never inflation-adjusted, so comparisons between years partly reflect inflation rather than tax policy.
▲ 2021: Steeper tax curve (+2.17 pts)
| Bracket | Returns | Income | Federal tax | Rate | Tax:income | vs MA / US |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| under $1 | 2,560 1.9% | -$108.01M -0.7% | $692,000 0.0% | — | — | — |
| $1-$10k | 13,740 10.3% | $67.88M 0.5% | $1.65M 0.1% | 2.4% | 0.14 | +0.04 / -0.02 |
| $10k-$25k | 18,630 13.9% | $322.54M 2.2% | $11.60M 0.5% | 3.6% | 0.21 | +0.04 / +0.00 |
| $25k-$50k | 25,750 19.2% | $955.37M 6.4% | $64.51M 2.6% | 6.8% | 0.40 | +0.05 / +0.02 |
| $50k-$75k | 19,790 14.8% | $1.22B 8.2% | $109.33M 4.4% | 8.9% | 0.53 | +0.03 / +0.00 |
| $75k-$100k | 13,950 10.4% | $1.21B 8.2% | $125.17M 5.0% | 10.3% | 0.61 | +0.01 / -0.01 |
| $100k-$200k | 25,800 19.2% | $3.58B 24.1% | $447.33M 17.9% | 12.5% | 0.74 | +0.02 / -0.04 |
| $200k+ | 13,880 10.4% | $7.61B 51.2% | $1.74B 69.6% | 22.8% | 1.36 | +0.07 / -0.07 |
Rate climbs 20.39 points from $1-$10k to $200k+ (typical county: 18.23) · Income here is adjusted gross income (AGI) — what is reported on tax returns after certain deductions · AGI brackets are nominal and never inflation-adjusted, so comparisons between years partly reflect inflation rather than tax policy.
◆ 2022: Typical tax curve (+1.45 pts)
| Bracket | Returns | Income | Federal tax | Rate | Tax:income | vs MA / US |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| under $1 | 2,170 1.6% | -$107.75M -0.8% | $782,000 0.0% | — | — | — |
| $1-$10k | 15,600 11.5% | $74.99M 0.5% | $2.19M 0.1% | 2.9% | 0.18 | +0.06 / +0.00 |
| $10k-$25k | 18,070 13.4% | $307.62M 2.2% | $11.79M 0.5% | 3.8% | 0.24 | +0.05 / +0.01 |
| $25k-$50k | 24,460 18.1% | $912.47M 6.4% | $58.41M 2.6% | 6.4% | 0.40 | +0.06 / +0.05 |
| $50k-$75k | 20,180 14.9% | $1.25B 8.8% | $106.37M 4.7% | 8.5% | 0.54 | +0.05 / +0.04 |
| $75k-$100k | 14,120 10.4% | $1.23B 8.6% | $121.96M 5.4% | 10.0% | 0.63 | +0.03 / +0.02 |
| $100k-$200k | 26,790 19.8% | $3.73B 26.3% | $448.40M 19.9% | 12.0% | 0.76 | +0.03 / -0.01 |
| $200k+ | 13,820 10.2% | $6.80B 47.9% | $1.51B 66.8% | 22.2% | 1.39 | +0.05 / -0.09 |
Rate climbs 19.24 points from $1-$10k to $200k+ (typical county: 17.79) · Income here is adjusted gross income (AGI) — what is reported on tax returns after certain deductions · AGI brackets are nominal and never inflation-adjusted, so comparisons between years partly reflect inflation rather than tax policy.
Seasonal Homes & Place Type
▲ 2019: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+35.02 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 38.3% ± 0.8 | |
| Number of homes | 62,643 | |
| All homes in the county | 163,557 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 3.3% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.76× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 2.62× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.61× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2019 five-year estimates · This estimate predates the 2020 Census re-benchmarking and is not directly comparable with 2021 or later figures · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
▲ 2020: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+34.26 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 37.5% ± 0.9 | |
| Number of homes | 61,473 | |
| All homes in the county | 164,064 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 3.2% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.71× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 2.66× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.57× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2020 five-year estimates · This estimate predates the 2020 Census re-benchmarking and is not directly comparable with 2021 or later figures · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
▲ 2021: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+33.22 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 36.3% ± 0.8 | |
| Number of homes | 59,794 | |
| All homes in the county | 164,523 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 3.1% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.83× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 3.15× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.65× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2021 five-year estimates · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
▲ 2022: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+32.61 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 35.6% ± 0.8 | |
| Number of homes | 58,696 | |
| All homes in the county | 165,068 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 3.0% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.83× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 2.94× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.66× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2022 five-year estimates · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
▲ 2023: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+31.35 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 34.2% ± 0.7 | |
| Number of homes | 56,683 | |
| All homes in the county | 165,661 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 2.9% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.80× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 2.76× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.65× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2023 five-year estimates · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
▲ 2024: Seasonal housing is a defining feature (+30.40 pts)
| Homes kept for seasonal or occasional use | ||
| Share of all homes here | 33.1% ± 0.9 | |
| Number of homes | 55,061 | |
| All homes in the county | 166,215 | |
| Typical county | ||
| Share of all homes | 2.7% |
Destination Seasonal homes alongside a visitor-services economy — lodging, restaurants and recreation employ more people here than in a typical county.
| Compared with the national rate | ||
| Jobs in lodging and restaurants | 1.79× | above the national rate |
| Lodging jobs alone | 2.75× | above the national rate |
| Restaurant jobs alone | 1.64× | above the national rate |
American Community Survey 2024 five-year estimates · Seasonal-home counts are survey estimates, so they carry a margin of error (shown after the figure) · Counts housing units held for seasonal, recreational or occasional use. It cannot distinguish an owner's own cottage from a short-term rental, and says nothing about who owns it. · Job comparisons use federal employment records
Income of Arrivals vs. Departures
▲ 2018-2019: Arrivals wealthier (+27.6%)
| Moved in | Moved out | Net | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 3,822 | 3,717 | +105 | +2.8% |
| Income they brought or took | $469.9M | $358.1M | +$111.8M | +31.2% |
| Average per household | $122,954 | $96,338 | +$26,616 | +27.6% |
IRS county-to-county migration, 2018-2019 · A household here is a tax return, which can cover one person or a family; people who do not file are not counted · Not directly comparable with 2022-23 onward, when the IRS changed its matching process
▲ 2019-2020: Arrivals wealthier (+72.8%)
| Moved in | Moved out | Net | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 5,905 | 3,530 | +2,375 | +67.3% |
| Income they brought or took | $1.04B | $359.7M | +$679.8M | +189.0% |
| Average per household | $176,047 | $101,907 | +$74,140 | +72.8% |
IRS county-to-county migration, 2019-2020 · A household here is a tax return, which can cover one person or a family; people who do not file are not counted · Not directly comparable with 2022-23 onward, when the IRS changed its matching process
▲ 2020-2021: Arrivals wealthier (+69.2%)
| Moved in | Moved out | Net | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 5,670 | 3,963 | +1,707 | +43.1% |
| Income they brought or took | $1.11B | $459.4M | +$652.6M | +142.0% |
| Average per household | $196,119 | $115,927 | +$80,192 | +69.2% |
IRS county-to-county migration, 2020-2021 · A household here is a tax return, which can cover one person or a family; people who do not file are not counted · Not directly comparable with 2022-23 onward, when the IRS changed its matching process
▲ 2021-2022: Arrivals wealthier (+28.2%)
| Moved in | Moved out | Net | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 4,865 | 4,598 | +267 | +5.8% |
| Income they brought or took | $911.0M | $671.5M | +$239.5M | +35.7% |
| Average per household | $187,262 | $146,039 | +$41,223 | +28.2% |
IRS county-to-county migration, 2021-2022 · A household here is a tax return, which can cover one person or a family; people who do not file are not counted · Not directly comparable with 2022-23 onward, when the IRS changed its matching process
▲ 2022-2023: Arrivals wealthier (+35.6%)
| Moved in | Moved out | Net | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 4,437 | 4,418 | +19 | +0.4% |
| Income they brought or took | $737.3M | $541.6M | +$195.7M | +36.1% |
| Average per household | $166,160 | $122,583 | +$43,577 | +35.5% |
IRS county-to-county migration, 2022-2023 · A household here is a tax return, which can cover one person or a family; people who do not file are not counted · The IRS changed its matching process from the 2022-2023 pair onward, adding about 5% more matched returns, so figures are not strictly comparable with earlier pairs
Industry Makeup
◆ 2022: Typical diversity for its size
| Largest industries by share of earnings (top 5 = 57.0% of the total) | ||
| Health care and social assistance | 14.4% | 1.3× national avg |
| Construction | 11.7% | 2.0× national avg |
| Recreation, lodging and food service | 11.2% | 2.4× national avg |
| Local government | 10.2% | 1.3× national avg |
| Retail | 9.5% | 1.7× national avg |
2 industries not disclosed here, so not shown (together about $48.3M, 0.5% of county earnings) — a withheld industry is never counted as zero.
| Effective number of industries | ||
| This county | 11.5 | |
| Typical for its size and category | 11.8 | |
| Difference | -0.3 | about what its size predicts |
"Effective number of industries" measures how evenly a county's earnings are spread across 21 industry groups — a higher number means a broader economy. It is compared with a baseline fitted for counties in the same category and of similar total earnings, so the reading is relative to size, not an absolute count.
"× national avg" is how concentrated an industry is here compared with the country as a whole: above 1× means more concentrated here than nationally. It separates an industry that is simply large everywhere (health care sits near 1× in most counties) from a genuine local specialty. Measured against the published U.S. total.
Source: BEA county earnings (CAINC5N), 2022. The size baseline is a regression within that one source, not a second dataset.
Local vs. Commuter Earnings
— 2024: 76.1% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $9.38B | 76.1% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $2.94B | 23.9% |
Net: $1.99B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($2.94B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($953.95M).
| This county | 76.1% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.6% | +9.5 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 75.2% | +0.9 pts |
population 232,570
— 2023: 75.8% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $8.94B | 75.8% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $2.85B | 24.2% |
Net: $1.94B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($2.85B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($915.82M).
| This county | 75.8% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.6% | +9.2 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 75.6% | +0.2 pts |
population 232,759
— 2022: 74.3% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $8.42B | 74.3% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $2.91B | 25.7% |
Net: $2.04B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($2.91B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($868.85M).
| This county | 74.3% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.7% | +7.7 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 75.8% | -1.4 pts |
population 232,571
— 2021: 71.9% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $8.05B | 71.9% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $3.14B | 28.1% |
Net: $2.33B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($3.14B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($812.46M).
| This county | 71.9% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 65.6% | +6.3 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 75.6% | -3.7 pts |
population 232,379
— 2020: 74.0% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $7.32B | 74.0% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $2.58B | 26.0% |
Net: $1.83B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($2.58B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($741.93M).
| This county | 74.0% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.2% | +7.8 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 75.7% | -1.7 pts |
population 228,060
Earlier years (5-year intervals)
— 2015: 79.2% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $6.24B | 79.2% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $1.64B | 20.8% |
Net: $908.55M more earned by residents working elsewhere ($1.64B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($733.68M).
| This county | 79.2% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.4% | +12.8 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 76.4% | +2.7 pts |
population 222,252
— 2010: 79.6% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $5.39B | 79.6% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $1.38B | 20.4% |
Net: $893.76M more earned by residents working elsewhere ($1.38B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($484.87M).
| This county | 79.6% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 66.4% | +13.3 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 76.9% | +2.7 pts |
population 216,300
— 2005: 80.0% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $5.22B | 80.0% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $1.30B | 20.0% |
Net: $909.56M more earned by residents working elsewhere ($1.30B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($395.22M).
| This county | 80.0% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 67.1% | +13.0 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 77.4% | +2.6 pts |
population 221,995
— 2000: 74.6% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $3.78B | 74.6% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $1.29B | 25.4% |
Net: $1.01B more earned by residents working elsewhere ($1.29B) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($278.92M).
| This county | 74.6% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 67.7% | +6.9 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 78.3% | -3.7 pts |
population 223,031
— 1995: 77.0% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $2.62B | 77.0% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $780.95M | 23.0% |
Net: $588.56M more earned by residents working elsewhere ($780.95M) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($192.39M).
| This county | 77.0% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 68.4% | +8.7 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 80.0% | -2.9 pts |
population 202,874
— 1990: 78.5% of residents' earnings come from working here
| Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|
| Earned by working here | $2.01B | 78.5% |
| Earned working elsewhere | $552.14M | 21.5% |
Net: $390.74M more earned by residents working elsewhere ($552.14M) than paid to workers commuting in from other counties ($161.40M).
| This county | 78.5% | |
| Compared with | ||
| Typical county in MA | 70.6% | +7.9 pts |
| Typical U.S. county | 81.9% | -3.5 pts |
population 187,335
Core Facts
Each source is shown at its most recent available year.
- Income & tax (IRS SOI) (2022)
- Total AGI: $14.19B
- Total wages: $7.30B
- Tax returns filed: 135,210
- Individuals represented: 215,310
- Mortgage lending (HMDA) (2025)
- Local lending concentration: 17.38% (11,513 applications, 420 lenders, top lender 18.21% share)
- Population & housing (ACS 5-year) (2024)
- Housing units: 166,215
- Median home value: $629,000
- Population: 231,668
Latest Aligned Year (2022) — all sources at the same year
- Income & tax (IRS SOI)
- Total AGI: $14.19B
- Total wages: $7.30B
- Tax returns filed: 135,210
- Individuals represented: 215,310
- Mortgage lending (HMDA)
- Local lending concentration: 20.30% (15,743 applications, 437 lenders, top lender 21.39% share)
- Population & housing (ACS 5-year)
- Housing units: 165,068
- Median home value: $519,100
- Population: 229,436
Migration Charts 2022-2023
Data (Table View) — 175 rows
| Category | Year | Field | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Direction | Typical buyer-income gap |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Magnitude | +49.4% |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Buyer-to-county income ratio | +49.4% |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Buyer income premium, percent | 49.44% |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Average home-purchase buyer income | $156,842 |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Home-purchase mortgage applications | 2,049 |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Median county ratio | 1 |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Guarded out of range | — |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Pct vs typical county | 13 |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | Purchases all occupancy | 3,848 |
| Buyer Income Premium | 2022 | County average AGI per tax return | $104,956 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Direction | 76.1% of residents' earnings come from working here |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Magnitude | 9.53% |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Peer n | 13 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Elsewhere | 2,939,528,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Population | 232,570 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Gross inflow | 2,939,528,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Gross outflow | 953,952,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Comparison tier | — |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Local to residents | 9,378,737,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Pct earned locally | 76 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Pct earned elsewhere | 24 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Line42 adjustment for residence | 1,985,576,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Typical state pct earned locally | 67 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Direction | 76.1% of residents' earnings come from working here |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Magnitude | 0.90% |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Peer n | 3,090 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Elsewhere | 2,939,528,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Population | 232,570 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Gross inflow | 2,939,528,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Gross outflow | 953,952,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Comparison tier | — |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Local to residents | 9,378,737,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Pct earned locally | 76 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Pct earned elsewhere | 24 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Line42 adjustment for residence | 1,985,576,000 |
| Local vs. Commuter Earnings | 2024 | Typical national pct earned locally | 75 |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Direction | Diverging |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Magnitude | 0.00% |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Dependence | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Method note | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | National basis | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Total earnings | 10,332,689 |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Jobs route note | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Dependence label | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Largest industry | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Routes available | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Largest industry pct | 14 |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Largest industry label | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Any industry suppressed | — |
| Economy typology | 2024 | Unexplained earnings pct | 1 |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Direction | Above typical county |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Magnitude | +4.94 pts |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Adjusted gross income | $14.19B |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Geo level | — |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Total federal tax liability | $2.26B |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Tax returns filed | 135,210 |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Baseline peer set | — |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | National effective tax rate, percent | 15.23% |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Difference from national rate, percentage points | 0.67% |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Guarded out of range | — |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Effective federal tax rate, percent | 15.90% |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Typical (median) county effective rate, percent | 10.96% |
| Effective Tax Rate | 2022 | Difference from the typical county, percentage points | 4.94% |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Direction | Prices outpacing income |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Magnitude | +10.64 pts |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Average income | $104,956 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Average income, earlier year | $86,539 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Later comparison year | 2022 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Earlier comparison year | 2019 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Median home value | $519,100 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Median home value, earlier year | $393,500 |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Income growth, percent | 21.28% |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Supply growth note | — |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Affordability gap (home value growth minus income growth), percentage points | 10.64% |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Home value growth, percent | 31.92% |
| Housing Growth & Affordability | 2022 | Combined margin of error, home value estimate | $10,924 |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Direction | Elevated Unearned Income |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Magnitude | +13.28 pts |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total wages | $7.30B |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Geo level | — |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total income, all sources | $14.39B |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Tax returns filed | 135,210 |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Wage income share of total, percent | 50.73% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total Social Security income | $790.12M |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Earned income share of total, percent (wages + self-employment) | 62.72% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total investment income (interest + dividends + capital gains) | $2.07B |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total retirement income (IRA distributions + pensions/annuities) | $2.24B |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total unemployment compensation | $74.29M |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Other/unclassified income share of total, percent | 1.33% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Transfer income share of total, percent (Social Security + unemployment) | 6.01% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Unearned income share of total, percent (investment + retirement + transfers + other) | 37.28% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Guarded out of range | — |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Investment income share of total, percent (interest + dividends + capital gains) | 14.40% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Retirement income share of total, percent (IRA distributions + pensions/annuities) | 15.55% |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Total self-employment income | $1.73B |
| Earned vs. Unearned Income | 2022 | Self-employment income share of total, percent (sole-proprietor + partnership/S-corp) | 12.00% |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Direction | Typical diversity for its size |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Magnitude | -0.26% |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Eni low | 12 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Eni high | 12 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Residual | 0 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Dependence | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Method note | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Baseline eni | 12 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Class fitted | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Eni midpoint | 12 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Log earnings | 16 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Baseline model | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Interval width | 0 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Residual status | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Point measurable | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Verdict threshold | 1 |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | Any industry suppressed | — |
| Industry Makeup | 2022 | N suppressed industries | 0 |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Direction | Arrivals wealthier |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Magnitude | +35.6% |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Inbound migration AGI, total dollars | $737.25M |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Net migration AGI, total dollars | $195.68M |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Outbound migration AGI, total dollars | $541.57M |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Inbound tax filers (migration) | 4,437 |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Net migration, tax filers | 19 |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Outbound tax filers (migration) | 4,418 |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Share of migration filers inbound, percent | 50.10% |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Share of migration dollars inbound, percent | 57.70% |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | How much more arrivals earn than departures | +35.6% |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Average AGI per inbound (arriving) filer | $166,160 |
| Income of Arrivals vs. Departures | 2022-2023 | Average AGI per outbound (departing) filer | $122,583 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Direction | Seasonal housing is a defining feature |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Magnitude | +30.40 pts |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Place type | — |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Estimate cv | 0 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Lodging lq 721 | 3 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Seasonal units | 55,061 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Measurement note | — |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Place type reason | — |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Lodging suppressed | — |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Seasonal share pct | 33 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Seasonal units moe | 1,449 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Amenity lq sector72 | 2 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Total housing units | 166,215 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Food services lq 722 | 2 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Pts vs typical county | 30 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Seasonal share moe pts | 1 |
| Seasonal Homes & Place Type | 2024 | Median county share pct | 3 |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Direction | Typical tax curve |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Magnitude | +1.45 pts |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Geo level | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Spread pts | 19 |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Low bracket | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Top bracket | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Bracket note | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Tax returns filed | 135,210 |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Baseline peer set | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Top bracket status | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Guarded no top bracket | — |
| Tax Rates by Income Bracket | 2022 | Median county spread pts | 18 |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total AGI | $14.19B |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total wages | $7.30B |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total taxable interest | $116.44M |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total business income | $689.80M |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total capital gains | $1.36B |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Total income, all sources | $14.39B |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Tax returns filed | $135,210 |
| Core Facts (IRS SOI) | 2022 | Individuals represented | $215,310 |
| Core Facts (HMDA) | 2025 | Local lending concentration | 17.38% |
| Core Facts (HMDA) | 2025 | Total mortgage applications | 11,513 |
| Core Facts (HMDA) | 2025 | Distinct lenders | 420 |
| Core Facts (HMDA) | 2025 | Top lender's share | 18.21% |
| Core Facts (HMDA) | 2025 | Top lender name | The Cape Cod Five Cents Savings Bank |
| Core Facts (ACS) | 2024 | Unemployment rate (ACS) | 5.00% |
| Core Facts (ACS) | 2024 | Median household income (ACS) | $95,241 |
| Core Facts (ACS) | 2024 | Housing units (ACS) | 166,215 |
| Core Facts (ACS) | 2024 | Median home value (ACS) | $629,000 |
| Core Facts (ACS) | 2024 | Population (ACS) | 231,668 |
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